Rural Evidence and Learning for Water (REAL-Water)
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REAL-Water will support policymakers, development partners, and service providers to make strategic decisions and implement best practices for water management through implementation research. It will also ensure coordination with USAID programs contributing to the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) and Water Resources Management (WRM) knowledge base, in alignment with the USAID Water for the World Implementation Research Agenda.
REAL-Water is an initiative of the Center for Water Security, Sanitation and Hygiene in USAID’s Bureau for Resilience and Food Security with support from the Office for Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition in USAID’s Bureau for Global Health.
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Overview

REAL-Water Research Questions
REAL-Water is an implementation research program dedicated to three important and interrelated aspects of rural water supply development:
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WATER PROVIDER PERFORMANCE
- How do management arrangements, management practices and conditions, and other contextual factors influence the performance of rural water service providers?
- What specific interventions employed at scale offer the most promise for improving the management and performance of rural water service providers?
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WATER SAFETY
- How effectively can existing professional water quality laboratories expand their water testing services to rural water supplies?
- To what extent does water quality data trigger improvements in water treatment, consumer satisfaction, and sustainable water safety management practices?
- Are Water Safety Plans effective forms of risk mitigation for rural water supplies in low-resource settings?
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WATER RESOURCES
- To what degree is source diversification occurring in rural areas to respond to decreasing water availability and threats to water quality?
- How is holistic water resources planning, at scales relevant to rural water service authorities, being implemented in practice?
- How does the introduction of on-premises piped water supply change household water use and demand, and what effects to these changes have on water services?


Resources
| Southern Madagascar Water Assessment: Management Opportunities Report Technical Report This Management Opportunities report, developed by USAID REAL-Water, results from the Southern Madagascar Water Assessment Buy-In. It presents strategic and actionable recommendations to enhance water supply management systems across rural, water-… |
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| Evaluating Water Quality Assurance Funds in Tanzania: Baseline Assessment Technical Report In rural Africa, an estimated two-thirds or more of the population is exposed to contaminated drinking water (UNICEF/WHO 2022). Monitoring water quality is essential to providing safe water and protecting public health, yet many rural water… |
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| Southern Madagascar Water Assessment: Technical Report Technical Report The Southern Madagascar Water Assessment Buy-In aims to develop actionable recommendations for USAID’s water security programming across the Grand Sud of Madagascar. This technical report, developed by USAID REAL-Water, is the third project output,… |
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| A Legal and Policy Review of Rural Water Services in Indonesia Literature Review The Government of Indonesia has set ambitious targets for access to adequate drinking water and safely managed drinking water as outlined in the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2020–2024. While there has been progress, significant gaps… |
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| Science Roundtable: Climate and Water Resources Modeling in India Video The Government of India has invested almost $250 billion in the country’s water sector during the last decade. These efforts have focused primarily on improving drinking water supply and sanitation. However, the source sustainability of these… |
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| Expanding Professional Testing Services to Small Water Suppliers Article Gloria and Faith training field enumerators on microbial water quality testing in Nakuru, Kenya. Photo credit: Vincent Auffray, Aquaya The Water Quality Assurance Fund is a financial tool to support outsourcing of testing. Ranjiv Khush and… |

Partners
Aquaya is an independent, nonprofit research organization dedicated to building the evidence base that guides WASH decision-making for international development. Founded in 2005, Aquaya conducts implementation research across an array of rural and urban WASH priorities.
Aguaconsult is a UK-based consulting company founded in 2003 to support public and private sector organizations to improve water, sanitation, and environmental services globally. It is recognized as a global thought-leader in the field of rural water service delivery.
The Institute for Sustainable Futures (ISF), established in 1997, is an independent research institute within the University of Technology Sydney. ISF conducts transdisciplinary, project-based research in line with their vision of creating positive change towards sustainable futures.
The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) has a strategic mandate to provide higher education, undertake research,disseminate knowledge, and foster relationships with external individuals and institutions in Ghana. Its Regional Water and Environmental Sanitation Center Kumasi (RWESCK) is one of the university’s centers of excellence.
The Skat Foundation is based in Switzerland and hosts the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN), a global network of more than 13,000 water professionals in 168 countries. Since 1992, the network has been a trusted knowledge hub and expertise platform on practical planning, implementation, research, and innovation.
Safe Water Network is a nonprofit organization seeking to advance the scale and impact of decentralized local market-based solutions as a safe water solution for low-income populations in emerging economies. Since 2006, it has provided expertise to governments, partners, and local communities in Ghana and Indiato demonstrate successful small water enterprise approaches.
Water Mission is a Christian engineering nonprofit organization that builds safe WASH solutions in developing countries and disaster areas. Since 2001, Water Mission has served more than seven million people in 57 countries through 2,800 rural safe water and sanitation projects.
Hydroconseil is a French consulting firm created in 1995 that specializes in improving essential public services for low-income populations in emerging and developing countries. Under REAL-Water, Hydroconseil supports the project buy-in from the USAID/Madagascar Mission “Southern Madagascar Water Assessment: Coordinating data and action for sustainable development of water resources in the arid south of Madagascar.”
Johns Hopkins University is America’s first research university, founded on the principle that by pursuing big ideas and sharing what we learn, we can make the world a better place. For more than 140 years, our faculty and students have worked side by side in pursuit of discoveries that improve lives. REAL-Water partners at the Morton K. Blaustein Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences work in a tireless pursuit of discovery, continuing our founding mission to bring knowledge to the world.
Water, Environment, Land and Livelihoods (WELL) Labs co-creates research and innovation for social impact in the areas of land and water sustainability. WELL Labs is a centre based at the Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR) Society. Together with Krea University and other centres at IFMR,, WELL Labs is part of an ecosystem of labs and research centres with a mission to help prepare for an unpredictable world.
Cova (formerly EOS International) has been providing safe drinking water solutions and community capacity building in Central America since 2008. With staff in Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador, Cova is a locally managed organization dedicated to the successful implementation of safe water solutions through tracking, evaluating, and revisiting community water treatment installations to ensure sustained impact.
Countries
ADVISORY BOARD MEMBERS
Jorge Alvarez – Sala
WASH Specialist, UNICEFKatrina Charles
Professor of Environmental Health Risks at School of Geography and the Environment, University of OxfordRobert Gakubia
Director, Blackburn Associates Ltd., and former CEO of Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB) KenyaBrian Hoyer
Chief Water Programs Officer, charity:waterHubert Jenny
Independent International Consultant, formerly Senior Infrastructure and Investment Specialist at the Green Climate Fund, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and Asian Development BankLillian Idrakua
Commissioner, Ministry of Water and Environment, UgandaMaren Heuvels
Advisor Water Governance, Sustainable Sanitation, and Gender GIZSatoshi Ishii
Director, Strategy and Partnerships, Asian Development BankSusanna Smets
Senior Regional Water Supply and Sanitation Specialist, World Bank













